Laparoscopy

A hernia occurs when an organ or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle wall — most often in the groin, around the navel, or at the site of a previous surgical scar. It shows up as a bulge that may come and go.

Gallstones are hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ under the liver that stores bile. They are very common and often cause no trouble — but when a stone blocks the flow of bile, it triggers pain, nausea and sometimes infection.

Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine. It typically starts as vague pain around the navel that moves to the lower-right abdomen and steadily worsens over hours.

An inguinal hernia is a bulge in the groin where abdominal contents push through the inguinal canal. It is the most common type of hernia, particularly in men, and often follows heavy lifting, chronic cough or straining.

An umbilical hernia is a bulge at or near the navel, where a gap in the abdominal wall lets tissue push through. In adults it is often linked to pregnancy, obesity, previous abdominal surgery or repeated straining.